BANNEDTHOUGHT.NET

The Maoist Era in China — Relations with Foreign Countries

Publications and Documents which are Now Difficult to Find

      This is a sub-section of material on BannedThought.net on publications and documents from the Maoist era in China. In this sub-section we are focusing on China’s foreign relations. Not included here, however, are documents related to the Soviet Union and the Great Debate between revolutionary Marxism-Leninism supported by Mao and revolutionary China, and the revisionism, state capitalism and social-imperialism of Khrushchev and his successors in the Soviet Union.

      It should be noted that some of the documents in this section were written by Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Lin Biao, or other individuals who themselves became targets of the revolution at later points. We are including such materials here—despite the errors (or crimes!) of these individuals—as part of our documentary record of the Chinese revolution and its internal class struggles.

      For information about other aspects of China in the Maoist era, see this index page. For information about present-day capitalist-imperialist China, and current mass struggles there including a developing new Maoist revolutionary movement, see our section in BannedThought.net on China today.

      If you know of other materials which should be posted here, or if you have other comments or suggestions, please contact us at: freespeech@bannedthought.net

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Chinese Foreign Relations During the Maoist Era

• General:
  • “Internationalism and Nationalism”, by Liu Shao-chi. This pamphlet is probably the translation of an article that appeared in Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily] on Nov. 1, 1948, or else is based on that article. (Peking: FLP, n.d. [but probably 1952]), 63 pages.   PDF format   [3,162 KB]   Also available in HTML format at: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/1952/internationalism_nationalism/index.htm
  • “Chairman Mao’s Important Talks with Guests from Asia, Africa and Latin America”, a summary of talks Mao had with various foreign visitors during the May-June 1960 period. (Peking: FLP, 4th ed. 1966), 16 pages.   PDF format   [619 KB]
  • “Great Strategic Concept”, in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the publication of Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s brilliant thesis that imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers. (Peking: FLP, 1967), 60 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [2,863 KB]
  
  
• Foreign Relations in the Early Years of the PRC:
  • “Support the Just Stand of the Soviet Union and Oppose U.S. Imperialism’s Wrecking of the Four-Power Conference of Government Heads”, including a speech by Teng Hsiao-ping, an article by Soong Ching Ling and several editorials and commentaries. (Peking: FLP, 1960), 45 pages.   PDF format   [1,868 KB]
  • “Vice-Premier Chen Yi Answers Questions Put by Correspondents”, two press conferences in late 1965, (Peking: FLP, 1966), 48 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [1,648 KB]
  
  
• Hong Kong and Macao:
  • “Opposing the Sanguinary Atrocities Perpetrated by the Portuguese Imperialists in Macao”, large pamphlet, (Macao: Macao Daily News, Sept. 1, 1967), 110 pages. (In English, Portuguese and Chinese.)   PDF format   [27,784 KB]
  
  
• Africa:
  • [Book:] “Glimpses of West Afica”, by Feng Chih-tan, (Peking: FLP, 1963), 138 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [12,848 KB]
  • [Book:] “Freedom Railway: China and the Tanzania-Zambia Link”, by Martin Bailey, (London: Rex Collings, 1976), 188 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [6,653 KB]
  
  
• Asia:
  • “Question of the Indian Revolution", 印度革命问题（印度革命的一些经验教训, three documents prepared by the Department of International Politics - Teaching and Research Unit of National Liberation Movements of Peking University. 1977 and 1978. Question of the Indian Revolution I. 印度革命问题, An analysis of the communist movement in India. II. 印度革命问题 - 对印度共产党历史的新评价, A New Evaluation of the History of the Communist Party of India (with historical information about the Communist Party of India in the 1920s and 1930s) III. 印度革命问题 - 印度革命的一些经验教训 Some lessons from the Indian Revolution, 1978. 156 pages.   PDF format   [7.9MB]
  • “Documents from different factions of the Communist Revolutionary Movement in India from 1969-1970”, a selection of documents from different factions of the Communist Revolutionary Movement in India from 1969-1970, including Charu Majumdar and Kanai Chatterjee, May 1970, 220 pages.   PDF format   [7.9MB]
  • “Documents Concerning Premier Chou En-lai’s Visit to India and Burma”, 4 documents including speeches and joint statements by Zhou Enlai. A supplement to the magazine “People’s China”, 1954, #14, July 16, 1954, 8 pages.   PDF format   [892 KB]
  • “A Victory for the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence” — Important Documents on the Settlement of the Sino-Burmese Boundary Question Through Friendly Negotiations and on the Development of Friendly Relations Between China and Burma, edited by the Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs, documents from 1954 through 1960. (Peking: FLP, 1960), 68 pages.   Searchable PDF Image format   [2,920 KB]
  • [Book:] “The Sino-Indian Boundary Question (Enlarged Edition)”, (Peking: FLP, 1962), 146 pages, with 13 maps.   PDF Image format   [5,638 KB]
    • Map 1:   JPG format   [7,134 KB]
    • Map 2:   JPG format   [7,624 KB]
    • Map 3:   JPG format   [7,873 KB]
    • Map 4:   JPG format   [8,212 KB]
    • Map 5:   JPG format   [7,569 KB]
    • Reference Map 1:   JPG format   [5,873 KB]
    • Reference Map 2a:   JPG format   [8,536 KB]
    • Reference Map 2b:   JPG format   [5,561 KB]
    • Reference Map 3:   JPG format   [7,675 KB]
    • Reference Map 4:   JPG format   [8,023 KB]
    • Reference Map 5:   JPG format   [6,304 KB]
    • Reference Map 6a:   JPG format   [14,969 KB]
    • Reference Map 6b:   JPG format   [14,336 KB]
  • “Joint Statement of Chairman Liu Shao-chi and President Choi Yong Kun”, on the conclusion of the visit by the President of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to China in June 1963. (Peking: FLP, 1963), 24 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [987 KB]
  • “Set Afire the Banteng Spirit! Ever Forward, No Retreat!”, by D. N. Aidit. This is the Political Report to the Second Plenum of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indonesia, enlarged with the Members of the Central Auditing Commission and the Central Control Commission, held in Djakarta, December 23-26, 1963. (Peking: FLP, 1964), 156 pages.   Searchable PDF format [8,538 KB]
  • “People of Indonesia, Unite and Fight to Overthrow the Fascist Regime”, about the CIA-directed fascist coup d’etat in Indonesia. Includes the title editorial from Hongqi [Red Flag] (1967), as well as a statement by the Indonesian Communist Party, and excerpts from the “Self-Criticism by the Political Bureau of the the Central Committee of the Indonesian Communist Party” (1966). (Peking: FLP, 1968), 68 pages.   PDF format   [2,676 KB]   This entire pamphlet is also available in HTML format at: http://www.massline.info/Indonesia/PKIscrit.htm
  • “The Truth About How the Leaders of the CPSU have Allied Themselves with India against China”, by the Editorial Department of Renimin Ribao [People’s Daily], Nov. 2, 1963, and including an article reprinted from Pravda as an appendix. (Peking: FLP, 1963), 60 pages.   PDF format   [3,096 KB]
  • “Compass for the Victory of the Revolutionary People of All Countries”, including Chairman Mao’s 1962 inscription for Japanese worker friends and two brief articles about it. (Peking: FLP, 1968), small pamphlet format (3.5” x 5”), 30 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [490 KB]
  • “Expose the U.S. and Japanese Reactionaries’ Plot to Resurrect the Dead Past: Three Reactionary Japanese Films in Review”, four articles by Chi Ping-chih and Tao Ti-wen. (Peking: FLP, 1972), 74 pages.   PDF format   [3,528 KB]
  • “A New Page in the Annals of Sino-Japanese Relations”, on the visit of Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka to China in September 1972. (Peking: FLP, 1972), 39 pages.   PDF format   [1,392 KB]
  • “Chinese-Korean Friendship — Deep-rooted and Flourishing” — the Party and Government Delegation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea visits China. (Peking: FLP, 1975), 86 pages.   PDF format   [5,887 KB]
  
  
• Vietnam and Indo-China:
  • “A Chronicle of Principal Events Relating to the Indo-China Question: 1940-1954”, by the Chinese magazine World Culture, (Peking: 1954), 82 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [3,695 KB]
  • “Who Will Win in South Viet Nam?”, by Nguyen Chi Thanh, (Peking: FLP, 1963), 20 pages.   PDF format   [792 KB]
  • “Peace or Violence?”, by the Vietnam Workers’ Party, (Peking: FLP, 1963), 40 pages.   PDF format   [1,762 KB]
  • “Hold High the Revolutionary Banner of Creative Marxism, Lead Our Revolutionary Cause to Complete Victory!”, by Le Duan of the Vietnam Workers’ Party, a speech delivered in Hanoi on March 13, 1964 in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the death of Karl Marx. (Peking: FLP, 1964), 64 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [3,143 KB]
  • “Solemn Pledge of the Thirty Million Vietnamese People”, a collection of statements and articles by Ho Chi Minh and other revolutionary leaders from both North and South Vietnam made during March and April 1965. (Peking: FLP, 1965), 56 pages.   PDF format   [2,609 KB]
  • “Support the People of Viet Nam, Defeat U.S. Aggressors”, a series of pamphlets from 1965 containing statements, editorials and commentaries in the Chinese press opposed to the U.S. imperialist war against Vietnam. (Peking: FLP, 1965)
    • Pamphlet I: Fifteen items, including statements by the government of the PRC, speeches by Chou En-lai and other leaders, and editorials from Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily], from February up to April 5, 1965, 90 pages.   PDF format   [4,263 KB]
    • Pamphlet II: With 6 editorials/commentaries from Renmin Ribao (April 11-16, 1965), 42 pages. PDF format   [1,855 KB]
    • Pamphlet III: With a resolution of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and 4 editorials from Renmin Ribao (April 20-28, 1965), 44 pages. PDF format   [1,974 KB]
    • Pamphlet IV: With a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and 6 editorials/commentaries from Renmin Ribao (May 2 - June 5, 1965), 48 pages. PDF format   [1,929 KB]
  • “The People of Viet Nam Will Triumph! U.S. Aggressors Will Be Defeated!”, a series of at least five large format pamphlets (9" x 10.2") filled with hundreds of photographs of U.S. crimes in Vietnam, heroic Vietnamese resistance, and demonstrations around the world against this U.S. imperialist war in Vietnam. (Peking: FLP, 1965-67)
    • #1 (1965): Searchable PDF format   [56 pages; 14,685 KB]
    • #2 (1965?):   [Not yet available.]
    • #3 (1966): Searchable PDF format   [64 pages; 21,188 KB]
    • #4 (1966): Searchable PDF format   [64 pages; 19,525 KB]
    • #5 (1967): Searchable PDF format   [64 pages; 18,786 KB]
  • “Smash the Big U.S.-Soviet Conspiracy!”, by Observer of Renmin Ribao, Feb. 20, 1967, about collusion and joint attempts by the U.S. and the Soviet Union to end the revolutionary war in south Vietnam. (Peking: FLP, 1967), small pamphlet, 22 pages.   PDF format   [481 KB]
  • “Welcome the Signing of the Paris Agreement on Viet Nam”, (Peking: FLP, 1973), 52 pages.   PDF format   [4,500 KB]
  • “Fighting Cambodia: Reports of the Chinese Journalists Delegation to Cambodia”, (Peking: FLP, 1975), 80 pages.   PDF format   [6,602 KB];   WinDjView format   [13,098 KB]
  • “Great Victory of the Cambodian People — Warmly Congratulating the Patriotic Cambodian Armed Forces and People on the Liberation of Phnom Penh and All Cambodia”, (Peking: FLP, 1975), 46 pages.   PDF format   [2,226 KB]
  • “The Vietnamese People’s Great Victory — Warm Congratulations to the South Vietnamese People on the Liberation of Saigon and All South Viet Nam”, messages of congratulations, speeches at a celebratory rally in Peking, and articles on the success of the revolutionary struggle and people’s war. (Peking: FLP, 1975), 62 pages.   PDF format   [2,702 KB]
  • [Book:] “On Viet Nam’s Expulsion of Chinese Residents”, (Peking: FLP, 1978), 248 pages.   PDF format   [15,435 KB]
  • “China’s Indisputable Sovereignty Over the Xisha and Mansha Islands”, (Peking: FLP, 1980), 28 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [4,265 KB]
  
  
• Albania:
  • “Memorandum of Conversation between First Vice Premier Hysni Kapo and Albanian Labor Party Politburo Member Ramiz Alia with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai [and others]”, June 27, 1962, 11 pages. (Wilson Center Digital Archive. Translated into English from the Albanian record.)   Searchable PDF format   [107 KB]
  • “Memorandum of Conversation, between the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, Led by Comrade Zhou Enlai, and the Leadership of the Party and Government of the People’s Republic of Albania [Excerpts]”, June 1966, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Central State Archive, Tirana, 25 pages. (Wilson Center Digital Archive.) Translated into English from the Albanian notes taken of the meeting. Zhou explains to the Albanians what the newly developing Cultural Revolution in China is all about; tries to get them to agree that classes and class struggle continues in socialist society even after the economy is socialized; talks about foreign affairs, the situation in other socialist (or nominally socialist) countries, including Yugoslavia, Romania, the USSR, Vietnam, the DPRK (N. Korea), and Cuba; and begins a discussion on the evaluation of Stalin.   Searchable PDF format   [171 KB]
  
  
• Middle East:
  • “Support the Patriotic and Just Struggle of the Turkish People”, (Peking: FLP, 1960), 42 pages.   PDF format   [2,589 KB]
  • “The Chinese People Firmly Support the Arab People’s Struggle Against Aggression”, a collection of statements and articles, (Peking: FLP, 1967), 64 pages.   PDF format   [2,296 KB]
  • “巴勒斯坦问题的由来和发展”   [“The Origin and Development of the Question of Palestine”], (People’s Publishing House, August 1976), 72 pages.   Chinese: PDF format   [5,929 KB]  
    

          [Comments on this book by a Chinese revolutionary friend of this site: This book basically reflects China’s views on the Palestinian issue during the last period of the Mao Zedong era. It briefly introduces the origins of the Palestinian issue and the situation at the time of its publication. The book correctly points out that Zionism is entirely a tool of imperialism and has no common interests with the Jewish working class. As for the state of Israel, it is completely an act of U.S. imperialism to support Zionism in line with its own interests. The book also strongly affirms and praises the resistance struggle of the Palestinian people, and exposes the attempts of the two imperialist powers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, to manipulate the situation between Palestine and Israel in order to serve their own hegemony. These are of great value. I think, especially today, the Palestinian-Israeli issue will be exploited by U.S. imperialism and Chinese-Russian imperialism, just as in the case of Ukraine.
          However, I think there are some errors in the book. The first is the role of the Soviet Union in the establishment of the so-called state of Israel. In fact, the Soviet Union supported and affirmed the establishment of the Israeli state at that time. This was obviously wrong. Of course, the motivation and background of this decision should be further studied. Secondly, influenced by the ‘Three Worlds’ theory that was prevalent at the time, the book inevitably overpraised the anti-imperialist behavior of the so-called ‘Third World countries’. This is obviously wrong, and facts have proven that most of the ‘Third World countries’ identified in the book have now betrayed the struggle of the Palestinian people.]

  
  
• Latin America:
  • “Declarations of Havana”, two statements of the Cuban government signed by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado (President) and Fidel Castro Ruz (Prime Minister). (Peking: FLP, 1962), 50 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [11,869 KB]
  • “Support the Dominican People’s Resistance to U.S. Armed Aggression”, about a mammoth demonstration in Peking against U.S. aggression in the Dominican Republic, together with statements from Mao, the government of the PRC, speeches and editorials. Also includes an extensive list of U.S. subversion in Latin America during the 1948-1964 period. (Peking: FLP, 1965), 52 pages, with many photographs.   PDF format   [2,122 KB]
  
  
• United States:
  • “Stop U.S. Germ Warfare!”, Part II: Chronological Account of the Germ Warfare and Editorials from the People’s Daily, Peking, and Commentaries Issued by the Hsinhua News Agency, by the Chinese People’s Committee for World Peace. (Peking: 1952), 36 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [2,252 KB]
  • “Oppose U.S. Military Provocations in the Taiwan Straits Area — A Selection of Important Documents”, consisting of 17 articles and statements from the Chinese government and from such prominent officials as Mao Tse-tung, Chou En-lai, Chen Yi, Chu Teh, Chen Yun, Peng Chen and Soong Ching Ling, all from September 1958. (Peking: FLP, 1958), 83 pages.   PDF format   [3,869 KB]
  • [Book:] Two Tactics, One Aim: An Exposure of the Peace Tricks of U.S. Imperialism, (Peking: FLP, 1960), 156 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [7,876 KB]
  • “Sino-U.S. Joint Communique”, February 28, 1972, at the conclusion of President Nixon’s visit to China. (Peking: FLP, 1972), 14 pages.   PDF format   [358 KB]
  
  
• United Nations:
  • Four short notes from Minister of Foreign Affairs Chou En-lai and one from Vice Foreign Minister Li Ke-nung to the U.N., regarding China’s rightful seat in the United Nations. These are included in the pamphlet “Complete and Consolidate the Victory” (Peking: FLP, May 1950), on pages 41-48.   PDF format   [2,365 KB]
  • “People’s China Stands for Peace”, speech by Wu Hsiu-chuan, representative of the PRC, at the U.N. Security Council on November 28, 1950. (NY: Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy, Dec. 1950), 32 pages.   PDF format   [8,592 KB]
  • “China Accuses! Speeches of the Special Representative of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China at the United Nations”, speech by Wu Hsiu-chuan accusing the U.S. government of armed aggression against China’s territory Taiwan the the Penghu Islands, and the text of another speech that Wu was scheduled to make before the General Assembly but which was blocked by the U.S. Also includes three short press statements made in New York and London. (Peking: FLP, 1951), 132 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [8,144 KB]
  • “Foreign Minister Chen Yi’s Statement Refuting Dulles’ Speech at the U.N. General Assembly”, September 20, 1958. Included in the pamphlet “Oppose U.S. Military Provocations in the Taiwan Straits Area — A Selection of Important Documents”, (Peking: FLP, 1958), 83 pages. (See pages 9-13.)   PDF format   [3,869 KB]
  • “Irresistible Historical Trend”, documents relating to the People’s Republic of China finally being accepted for membership in the U.N., (Peking: FLP, 1971), 56 pages.   PDF format   [2,339 KB]
  • “Speeches Welcoming the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China by the U.N. General Assembly President and Representatives of Various Countries at the Pleanary Meeting of the 26th Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, November 15, 1971, booklet, (Peking: FLP, 1971), 172 pages.   Searchable PDF format   [6,758 KB]
  • “Speech by Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, at the Plenary Meeting of the 27th Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, Oct. 3, 1972, pamphlet, (Peking: FLP, 1972), 32 pages.   PDF format   [1,506 KB]
  • “Speech by Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, at the Plenary Meeting of the 28th Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, Oct. 2, 1973, pamphlet, (Peking: FLP, 1973), 32 pages.   PDF format   [9,390 KB]
  • “Speech by Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, Teng Hsiao-ping, at the Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, April 10, 1974. (Peking: FLP, 1974), 28 pages.   PDF format   [1,039 KB]; Also available in a bi-lingual version (Chinese and English), 48 pages:   PDF format   [4,176 KB]
  • “Speech by Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, at the Plenary Meeting of the 29th Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, Oct. 2, 1974, pamphlet, (Peking: FLP, 1974), 34 pages.   PDF format   [1,406 KB]
  • “Speech by Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, at the Plenary Meeting of the 30th Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, Sept. 26, 1975, pamphlet, (Peking: FLP, 1975), 40 pages.   PDF format   [11,334 KB]
  • “The Chinese Government Will Continue Firmly to Implement Chairman Mao’s Revolutionary Line and Policies in Foreign Affairs — Speech by Chiao Kuan-hua, Chairman of the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China, at the Plenary Meeting of the 31st Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, Oct. 5, 1976, pamphlet, (Peking: FLP, 1976), 22 pages.   PDF format   [877 KB]
  • “Speech by Huang Hua, Chairman of the Chinese Delegation at a Plenary Meeting of the Tenth Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, May 29, 1978. Includes the “Working Paper on Disarmament” by the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China. (Peking: FLP, 1978), 36 pages.   PDF format   [1,550 KB]
  
  
• PRC Foreign Policy in the First Few Years after Mao’s Death:
  • “Chairman Mao’s Theory of the Differentiation of the Three Worlds is a Major Contribution to Marxism-Leninism”, November 1, 1977, (Peking: FLP, 1977), 88 pages. A major presentation of the reactionary “Three Worlds Theory” in the form it took after Mao’s death, along with the false claim that it was Mao’s own theory.   PDF format   [Pamphlet: 3,396 KB]   Also available in its format from its publication in Peking Review at: https://www.massline.org/PekingReview/PR1977/PR1977-45-ThreeWorldsTheory.pdf   [PDF: 34 pages, 4,411 KB]
    [For a brief discussion of the reactionary nature of this theory and its false ascription to Mao, see the entry on “Three Worlds Theory” in the Dictionary of Revolutionary Marxism at: https://www.massline.org/Dictionary/T.htm#ThreeWorldsTheory ]
  • “Speech by Huang Hua, Chairman of the Chinese Delegation at a Plenary Meeting of the Tenth Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly”, May 29, 1978. Includes the “Working Paper on Disarmament” by the Delegation of the People’s Republic of China. (Peking: FLP, 1978), 36 pages.   PDF format   [1,550 KB]

Theoretical Books and Pamphlets from China in the Maoist Era which Relate to Foreign Affairs

• Political Theory:
  • [Book:] Lenin on War and Peace, 2nd ed., selections from Lenin’s writings, (Peking: 1960).
  
  
• History:
  • “On Studying Some World History”, by Shih Chun (1973). (Peking: FLP, 1973), 68 pages.   PDF format   [3,122 KB]   Consists of four articles:
    • “Why it is Necessary to Study World History”
    • “Again on Studying World History”
    • “On Studying Some History About Imperialism”
    • “On Studying Some History of the National Liberation Movement”
  • “A Brief History of the United States”, by Shih Chan [Chun?] (1972). A 40-page pamphlet written as an introduction to U.S. history for workers and peasants in China. This English translation was done in 1976 by the Chinese Translation Group in Berkeley, CA.   PDF format   [2,766 KB]
  • “The Historical Experience of the War Against Fascism”, by the Editorial Department of Renmin Ribao [People’s Daily], 1965, 27 pages.   PDF format   [1,698 KB]   [Also available in several other places on the Internet, including in HTML format at: Ibiblio.org ]

Magazines from China, Mostly from the Maoist Era (which Contain
a Huge Amount of Information about Chinese Foreign Relations)

• Peking Review/Beijing Review entire issues and individual articles: https://www.massline.org/PekingReview/   [This archive now has all of the issues from the GPCR period and most of the issues for the entire 1959-1989 period.]
• People’s China, magazine from the early years of the People’s Republic of China: https://www.massline.org/PeoplesChina/
• [More to be added.]

Contemporary Foreign Commentary about China During the Maoist Era

• Far East Reporter Pamphlet Series (Maud Russell)
• Anglo-Chinese Educational Institute
• Chinese Policy Study Group (London)
• U.S.-China People’s Friendship Association:
  • Pamphlet Series
  • New China magazine (1974-1979).
• Miscellaneous Foreign Commentary, articles, pamphlets, etc. Especially:
  • “China’s Foreign Policy — An Outline”, compiled by Clark Kissinger, August 1976, 60 pages.   PDF format   [4,981 KB]

Retrospective Commentary about Foreign Relations During the Maoist Period

• “Chinese Foreign Policy during the Maoist Era and its Lessons for Today”, by the MLM Revolutionary Study Group in the U.S. (40 pages, January 2007)   All socialist states face a continuing, and at times acute, contradiction between the necessity of defending the socialist country—including through making agreements with imperialist and reactionary states—and the goal of promoting and supporting the world revolution. This paper examines how socialist China handled this tension during four periods between 1949 and 1976. It contrasts the strong internationalist support given to the Korean people and to the Vietnamese and other struggles for national liberation in the 1960s, with the development of bourgeois nationalist lines around the 1955 Bandung Conference and the reactionary “three worlds theory” of the early 1970s. This paper also takes on the view that nationalist governments and their leaders, not revolutionary people’s movements, are the most important challenge to imperialism in the world today.   PDF Format (1,208 KB);   MS Word Format (200 KB)
• “The Political, Military and Negotiating Strategies of the Chinese Communist Party (1937-1946) and Recent Developments in Nepal”, by the MLM Revolutionary Study Group in the U.S. (February 2007, revised April 2009. 17 pp.)   The most germane experience in assessing recent developments in a semi-feudal, semi-colonial country like Nepal is the military and political strategy and tactics of the Chinese revolution. A close look at the CCP’s integrated political-military strategy and negotiating tactics from 1937-1946—which served to advance China’s protracted people’s war to final victory—can yield important lessons for the revolution in Nepal and other countries, for how revolutionaries should be “firm as a pine and flexible as a willow.”   PDF Format (301 KB);   MS Word Format (86 KB)
• “The Revolutionary Internationalism of the People’s Republic of China in Vietnam, 1946-1973”, by a long-time American Maoist, June 2016, 16 pages.   Searchable PDF Format   [224 KB]
• “Chinese Support for Revolutionary Movements in Latin America and Cuba’s Enlistment into the Soviet Imperialist Bloc, 1956-1975, by a long-time American Maoist, January 2016, 8 pages.   Searchable PDF Format   [168 KB]
• “Chinese Support for the Palestinian People and Revolutionary Movements in the Gulf in the 1960s and Their Reversal in the 1970s, by a long-time American Maoist, June 2016, 5 pages.   Searchable PDF Format   [138 KB]

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